Strategic autonomy refers to a country or organization’s capacity to act independently in the global arena, particularly in defense, without reliance on external powers.

The European Union’s pursuit of strategic autonomy in defense aims to reduce its dependence on NATO and the U.S., particularly in response to changing transatlantic relations and rising global threats. Initiatives such as PESCO (Permanent Structured Cooperation) and the European Defense Fund seek to enhance Europe’s defense capabilities by fostering joint military projects and increasing defense spending. Strategic autonomy is motivated by the desire for Europe to act independently in crises, especially in its neighborhood, and to take more responsibility for its own security.

However, the feasibility of this goal is debated, given the differing defense priorities among EU member states and the deep-rooted reliance on U.S. military support through NATO. While France and Germany are leading advocates of strategic autonomy, other states, especially in Eastern Europe, remain skeptical, preferring to rely on NATO’s security umbrella against threats like Russia.