Definition
The Strategic Compass is the European Union’s defense and security roadmap, adopted in 2022, designed to strengthen the EU’s ability to act as a geopolitical and security actor. It outlines shared threat perceptions, sets concrete goals for military cooperation, and provides a framework for crisis management, defense investment, and partnerships.

Historical Context
For decades, EU security and defense policy lagged behind its economic integration. NATO remained the cornerstone of European defense, while the EU focused more on soft power and civilian missions. However, the growing instability in Europe’s neighborhood—terrorism, hybrid threats, and Russia’s aggressive posture—pushed the EU to define a stronger strategic role. The idea of a Strategic Compass was first launched in 2020, reflecting the need for a unified security vision. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 accelerated its adoption, transforming it into a landmark in EU defense policy.

Practical Examples
The Strategic Compass includes ambitious projects such as the creation of a 5,000-strong EU rapid deployment capacity by 2025, intended for crisis response missions. It also emphasizes cyber defense, space security, and resilience against hybrid threats. The document promotes closer cooperation with NATO, while also pushing for the EU to be able to act autonomously if necessary. Furthermore, it calls for stronger defense industrial collaboration, building on initiatives such as the European Defence Fund and PESCO (Permanent Structured Cooperation).

Current Relevance
The Strategic Compass is highly relevant today because the war in Ukraine has highlighted Europe’s vulnerabilities and dependence on the United States for hard security. While NATO remains central, the EU has recognized that it cannot rely exclusively on external actors to manage crises. The Compass seeks to close the gap between expectations and capabilities by encouraging member states to pool resources, coordinate investments, and enhance readiness. It also strengthens the EU’s credibility as a security partner in regions like the Sahel, the Indo-Pacific, and the Balkans.

Future Outlook
The Strategic Compass marks a step toward a more geopolitical EU. Its long-term impact will depend on political will and whether member states actually commit resources to defense cooperation. If fully implemented, it could transform the EU into a more capable security actor, balancing its traditional normative power with tangible military capacity.